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P.OWER TRANSMISSIONCOURSES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
POWER INDUSTRY
POWER TRANSMISSION
POWER PLANT TRAINING
POWER PLANT SYSTEMS OPERATIONS
FAQs about power plant elements of system protection - telecommunication protection, protective relays, monitoring system conditions, fault characteristics, generator protection, transformer protection, bus protection, motor protection and line protection
More Power Plant Course Descriptions
The objective of this module is to overview the function of protection schemes, including general protection philosophy and its impact on the operation of the system.
After study of this tape and the associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities.
• Why protection is necessary
• The philosophy and objectives of protection
• Zones of protection - local and backup
• Causes and consequences of faults
• Tolerable and intolerable fault conditions
• Relay and circuit breaker combinations
• Elementary tripping circuit
• IEEE Standard device numbers
• Control circuit schematics
• Monitoring relay performance
• Factors affecting relay application
• The need for coordination
The purpose of this videotape is to continue on from SPT 19 the discussion of telecommunications protection. While SPT 19 presented protection devices, this module focuses on specific installation practice and typical configurations.
After study of the videotape and associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day activities. They will also be able to answer related questions on these subjects.
• Definition of types of communication service
• Definition of SPO classification; A, B, C
• Level of voltage rise at station
• Protection requirements for different SPO classification and voltage level rise
• HVSP configurations for different circuits
• Location of protection (TELCO, RDL, HVI, NI)
• Selection and limitation of protectors
• Grounding arrangements at RDL, TELCO and HVI
• Grounding of dedicated cable sheath
• Isolating of dedicated cable sheath
• Surge arrester connections
• Centre tapped isolating transformer as MDR
• Location and mounting of HVI cabinet
• Grounding of HVI
• Installation of neutralizing transformer (typical)
• Need for rubber gloves
• Primary winding connections to station and RDL grounds
• Use of spare conductors in dedicated cable
• Protection of unassigned pairs in dedicated cable
• Connection of secondary windings
• Insulation of isolating transformer (typical)
• HVI layout, terminal strips, ground bus
• Remote side wiring
• Station side wiring
• Cable connections
• Connection of protectors and MDRs
• Circuit identification and documentation
• Modular HVI
• Installation pitfalls
• Maintenance and inspection items
• Safety considerations
The objectives of this module are to demonstrate the operation of the most common types of protective relay. This in turn will prepare the participant for succeeding modules which deal with protective schemes often using a combination of these relays.
After study of this module, the participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
◦Components of the differential relay.
◦Where differential protection is applied.
◦The differential principle -bus protection.
◦Transformer differential protection.
◦Restraint and harmonic restraint.
◦Components of the over current relay.
◦Instantaneous over current protection.
◦Time-over current protection.
◦Adjustment of pick-up and time dial.
◦Construction of directional relays.
◦The need for directional elements.
◦Operation of directional relays.
◦The induction cylinder relay.
◦Operation of distance relays -balanced beam and MHO type.
◦Circle diagrams.
◦Effect of load impedance.
◦Three-zone elements; back-up protection.
The objective of this course is to present concepts which are vital tools in the interpretation of system operating conditions.
After study of this course and the associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities. He will also be able to answer test questions on the following subjects:
◦Function of current and voltage transformers
◦Effect of burden and saturation
◦CT performance ratings
◦VT connections
◦The coupling capacitor VT
◦Polarity, polarity test
◦Three phase circuit diagrams
◦Directional sensing for ground faults
◦Pharos diagrams, construction and interpretation
◦Phase rotation -sequence
◦Per unit calculations
◦Base voltage and base MVA
◦OHMIC impedance and per unit impedance
◦MVA fault capacity
The objective of this course is to discuss the characteristics of different types of faults, and their effects on the power system. Knowledge of this material is vital to understanding the protective schemes that are presented in future courses. After study of this course and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
◦Effect of load impedance on current flow. ·
◦Effect of short circuit impedance on fault current. ·
◦Voltage drop through the system under fault conditions. ·
◦Impedance phase angle. ·
◦Safety grounding: the ground mat. ·
◦Neutral grounding: generator or transformer. ·
◦Delta system grounding transformer. ·
◦Aerial ground wires on transmission lines. ·
◦Limitation of ground fault current through impedance grounding. ·
◦Ungrounded systems – Hazards & ground fault detection. ·
◦Pharos diagrams for different types of faults. ·
◦Resonance.
◦Ferroresonance.
◦Distortion of balanced conditions under the various types of faults. ·
◦Transposition of balanced conditions at generator to unbalanced conditions at the fault. ·
◦Production of positive, negative, and zero sequence components. ·
◦Effect of negative and zero sequence components. ·
◦Zero and negative sequence relays. ·
◦Rules for study of symmetrical components.
The objective of this course is to review the types of fault that can occur on generators and discuss the various protection schemes that are used on both small and large generators. After studying this course and the associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities. He will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
◦Types of prime movers.
◦Generator terminal connections.
◦Generator bus connections.
◦Unit and station service transformers.
◦Generator mechanical problems.
◦General electrical faults.
◦Generator and prime mover tripping arrangements.
◦Phase fault primary protection.
◦Ground fault primary protection.
◦Backup protection.
◦Negative phase sequence protection.
◦Generator capability curve.
◦Loss of field protection.
◦Effect of system disturbances.
◦Generator off-line protection.
The objective of this course is to review the types of faults that can occur in transformers and to present the different protection schemes that are installed on large and small transformers.
After study of this course and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects.
◦Transformer features.
◦Types of faults.
◦Over current protection.
◦Backup coordination.
◦Primary fuses.
◦Differential protection.
◦In-rush current: harmonic filter.
◦Phasing of differential CTs.
◦Selecting CT taps.
◦Calculation of mismatch.
◦Differential protection for multi-winding transformers.
◦Connection of multiple restraint coils.
◦Limitations due to parallel CTs.
◦Single-phase transformer CT connections.
◦Ground (zero-sequence) protection.
◦Directional ground protection.
◦Remote transfer tripping.
◦Thermal relays.
◦Gas pressure relays.
◦Transformer overall protection schemes.
◦Protection of transformers in parallel.
◦Reactor protection.
◦Shunt capacitor protection.
The objective of this module is to review the different bus layouts that are used in power systems and to present the different protection schemes that are installed to protect against bus faults.
After study of this course and the associated workbook the participant should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to his day-to-day work activities. He will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
◦Features of different bus arrangements.
◦Single breaker -single bus.
◦Single buses connected with bus tie breaker.
◦Main and transfer buses with single breaker.
◦Single breaker -double bus.
◦Double breaker -double bus.
◦Ring bus.
◦Breaker-and-a-half bus.
◦Special problems of bus protection.
◦The ground fault bus.
◦Partial differential protection with over current relays.
◦Directional comparison schemes.
◦Residual current differential schemes.
◦CT saturation problems.
◦Multi-restraint relays.
◦Linear coupler.
◦High impedance relays.
The purpose of this course is to familiarize the participant with the features of motor operation and the most common types of protective devices that are installed.
After study of this course and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
◦Motor application: voltage levels.
◦Induction motor characteristics.
◦Torque curves: speed, slip, stall.
◦Potential motor hazards.
◦Starting arrangements.
◦Current -time curves.
◦Thermal limits for overload and start-up.
◦Thermal and time over current protection.
◦Locked rotor protection.
◦Phase fault protection.
◦Ground fault protection.
◦Differential protection.
◦Protection against unbalanced conditions.
◦Under voltage protection.
◦Synchronous motor protection.
The objective of this module is to present the broad categories of line configuration and discuss the various types of protection schemes that are employed. Particular attention is paid to coordination for selective tripping and isolation of faulty circuits.
After study of this course and the associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the following overall concepts and apply them to their day-to-day work activities. They will also be able to answer related test questions on these subjects:
◦Classification of lines and feeders.
◦Typical system configurations.
◦Faults on radial and loop systems.
◦Reclosing arrangements.
◦Breaker failure protection.
◦Application of over current relays.
◦Setting of relay pickup and time dial.
◦Coordination with downstream fuses and reclosers.
◦Coordination procedure for loop systems.
◦Maximum and minimum fault levels.
◦Application of instantaneous over current relays.
◦Voltage control (restraint) over current relays.
◦Ground fault protection with directional over current relays.
◦Polarizing sources; current; voltage.
◦Polarizing by negative sequence voltage.
◦Effects of mutual induction.
◦Limitations of over current relays.
◦Characteristics of distance relays.
◦RX diagram.
◦Protection zones; primary and backup.
◦Multiple lines and power sources.
◦Tapped lines; multi-terminal lines.
◦Ground fault protection by distance relays.
◦Backup protection.
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power (or more correctly energy), a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. A power transmission network typically connects power plants to multiple substations near a populated area. The wiring from substations to customers is referred to as Electricity distribution, following the historic business model separating the wholesale electricity transmission business from distributors who deliver the electricity to the homes.[1] Electric power transmission allows distant energy sources (such as hydroelectric power plants) to be connected to consumers in population centers, and may allow exploitation of low-grade fuel resources such as coal that would otherwise be too costly to transport to generating facilities.
Usually transmission lines use three phase AC current. Single phase AC current is sometimes used in a railway electrification system. High-voltage direct current systems are used for long distance transmission, or some undersea cables, or for connecting two different ac networks.
Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in transmission. Power is usually transmitted as alternating current through overhead power lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas because of its higher cost of installation and maintenance when compared with overhead wires,and the difficulty of voltage control on long cables.
A power transmission network is referred to as a "grid". Multiple redundant lines between points on the network are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable capacity of each line, which, due to system stability considerations, may be less than the physical or thermal limit of the line. Deregulation of electricity companies in many countries has led to renewed interest in reliable economic design of transmission networks. However, in some places the gaming of a deregulated energy system has led to disaster, such as that which occurred during the California electricity crisis of 2000 and 2001.[2
FAQs about power plant elements of system protection - telecommunication protection, protective relays, monitoring system conditions, fault characteristics, generator protection, transformer protection, bus protection, motor protection and line protection
