POWER PLANT TRAINING
There are 3 major components to the Power Plant Training Course Collection. They are Power Distribution, Power Generation , and Power Transmission. This site covers the classes associated with POWER TRANSMISSION. It is presented on the technical level and a knowledge of basic electrical theory is assumed. We offer corporate accounts with large discounts. Call Nash or Ken for details 877.230.9485
There are 9 general areas -
Power Plant Training - Power Plant Protection Systems
- Principles of Protection
This series will train personnel on the principles of protection systems including different schemes used in the protection of: generators, buses, transmission and distribution lines, transformers, motors etc. COURSES $65 - $85
2119 - Telecommunications Protection I - HVSP Devices 2120 - Telecommunications Protection II - Installation and Configuration
7514 - NERC STANDARDS - INTERCONNECTION OPERATION Power Plant Systems Operations
This L&K training module is outstanding in scope and content - regarding interconnected system operation. This is an excellent
foundation for a beginner understanding of interconnected system operations. This module is also an excellent review for more experienced system operations personnel. This content includes the basics of interconnected system operations, introductions to key NERC Standards, a guide in understanding automatic generation control (AGC), interchange transactions, time error correction, system reliability, system monitoring, and basics of control performance measurement.
7516 -NERC STANDARDS - GENERATION CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE Power Plant Systems Operations
This L&K training module firmly grasps the control and performance requirements of a Balancing Authority Area. This is a great review for experienced system operators as well as for new operators in a generation, transmission, or balancing authority role. The subjects center upon the newest NERC Standards, details of ACE, control performance criteria, contingency reserve, the effects of frequency excursions, system monitoring, and disturbance control requirement.
7517 - NERC STANDARDS- ASPECTS OF SYSTEM OPERATION Power Plant Systems Operations
This L&K training module provides excellent coverage of operating reliability limits and voltage control. This would be a cornerstone of training for a newcomer to operations as well as a good review for the more experienced individual. The subjects covered include operating limits, monitoring system conditions, power transfer and stability, reactive and voltage control, aspects of system operation, and emergency operations. The exams and problems associated with this module are great for all those associated with power transfer and reliability. It also provides a great deal of navigation through the associated Standards as opposed to that same information that previously resided in NERC Policies.
This module stresses information dealing with a number of issues related to the transfer of energy on the power system as well as the background necessary to fully understand interchange schedules that result from transaction tags established by PSEs.
During the latter portions of the course, you will review the provisions of NERC Standard IRO-004 which deals with planning for system operation during both normal and emergency conditions and during system restoration. Finally, you will review NERC’s requirements for reliability coordinators as set out in Standard EOP-006.
ATTENTION COMPANIES
We Have What Others Don't !
B2B LMS
Customized CE Training Program for Your Company
•
Easy, wizard driven custom set up
Easy, wizard driven custom set up •Complete manager control & access
Complete manager control & access •Progress reports & scores on employee training status
Progress reports & scores on employee training status•Hundreds of classes to choose from
Hundreds of classes to choose from•Provide safety training to your employees for company liability protection
Provide safety training to your employees for company liability protectionAll this plus substantial discounts on classes!
Ask Nash or Ken for details 877.230.9485
POWER INDUSTRY COURSES POWER TRANSMISSION NERC STANDARDS ENERGY TECHNICAL SKILLS
7504 - NERC STANDARDS - System Frequency and Tie-Line Control Power Plant Systems Operations
The fourth course in the Transmission System Operation training program shows how frequency and tie-line flows between control areas are controlled. We begin by developing the concepts of an AC interconnection and synchronizing forces. Frequency deviations come about when unbalances develop between generation and load and these deviations are controlled by the combined action of speed governors and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) aided by the natural change in load as frequency changes. We describe how tie-line flows also change when generation to load imbalances occur. Finally, this course discusses Area Control Error (ACE), the fundamental input to AGC, and how it provides the intelligence required to restore generation to load unbalances. At the completion of this course, the student should be able to:
• Know what constitutes an AC interconnection
• Identify the interconnection within which your facilities are located
• Know at what frequency your interconnection operates
• Explain why frequency is the same throughout an AC interconnection
• Explain the role of transmission lines in maintaining synchronism
• Know what causes frequency to deviate from nominal
• Tell whether generation or load is changed to control frequency
• Know what a speed governor is and what it does
• Tell how the size of an interconnection affects frequency deviations
• Know what limits are imposed on frequency excursions and why
• Know why it is important to control tie-line flow
• Know why the type of generating unit affects its speed of response to frequency changes
• Explain the relationship between generation rotational speed and frequency
• Understand that speed governors act as proportional controls
• Describe what is meant by governor droop
• Describe the units used for droop
• Know that governors work to control both decreasing and increasing frequency
• Understand why governor droop permits load sharing between generating units
• Tell what are typical droop settings for various types of generating units
• Understand why many classes of generating units do not participate in frequency control
• Be able to describe the basic characteristics of the example system used
• Total capacity, capacity under governor control and total load
• Composite droop characteristic
• Tell what happens to frequency under governor control only when an 800 MW unit trips off
• Describe what is meant by the Load Effect
• Describe what is meant by the Frequency Response Characteristic, Beta
• Tell what happens to frequency under the influence of Beta when an 800 MW unit trips off
• Be able to calculate how much generation is picked up and how much load is lost for a given drop in frequency
• Understand why frequency does not drop instantly when a generation/load mismatch occurs
• Be able to identify points A, B and C on a frequency chart taken while a generating unit tripped off line
• Be able to compute the net tie-line flow following loss of generation within a control area
• Understand how AGC assists system operators
• Know how frequently AGC application software is run, typically
• Be able to describe Area Control Error and how it is calculated
• Know what is the Frequency Bias Coefficient, B, and how it relates to Beta
• Be able to compute ACE given frequency deviation, net tie deviation and B
• Know how to find the frequency stabilization point
• Describe functions that AGC can perform other than responding to generation loss
• Know why AGC is suspended when large frequency deviations occur
POWER PLANT TRAINING
POWER PLANT SYSTEMS OPERATIONS
Power plant training, power plant protection systems, power systems operations, power systems operators, ISO and power pools, interconnection operation, generator control and performance, telecommunications protection
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada (
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo (Brazzaville)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor (Timor Timur)
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Senega
Serbia
Seychelles (
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece (
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India (
Indonesia (
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar (Burma)
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland (
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino (
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Power Plant Training - Power Plant Protection Systems
- Power Systems Operators
This series is aimed principally at power system operators in the new ISO and power pools. However, we also expect interest from the new entrants to the power business such as brokers, traders, and independent generators. For this reason, a certain amount of necessary standard practice material is included in the program to provide a base on which to build the more advanced techniques. COURSES $65 - $85
In 2004 our partner, 360training, acquired Canadian training provider L&K International, a leading provider of transmission, power, distribution training to the power, energy and utilities energy worldwide to form the worldwide Technical Skills and Safety division. Technical Skills and Safety Division closes largest single contract in company's history, providing a multi-year training contract to key US defense contract.
We've helped most of the world's best-known power and energy organizations maximize their efficiencies and enhance their training performance including PacifiCorp, Southern Company, Sierra Pacific, Tennessee Valley Authority, FirstEnergy Corporation, Florida Power & Light, Orion Power, Duke Energy, MidAmerican Energy, Energy Corporation and Puget Sound Energy.
Power Plant Training - Power Plant Protection Systems
Sample Course Descriptions
9200 Blackout 2003 Power Plant Systems Operations
2003 U. S. Eastern Area Blackout
I. Getting Started
A. Purpose of This Training
B. Learning Objectives
C. Training Methods and Measurements
II. The 2003 Blackout
An overview of events
(1) Pre-disturbance
(2) Cascading Events and Timetable
B. Root Causes of the blackout
C. How it Might Have Been Prevented or Limited in Scope
III. Completion Exercise
This course is prepared to provide a summary review of the U.S. Eastern area blackout that occurred on August 14, 2003. The learning objectives are for (a) the training familiarization with the root causes of this cascading occurrence; (B) review of restoration techniques; and (c) building of emergency preparedness skill sets.
The review of any grid disturbance is conducted in order to learn from the event in order to enhance our emergency preparedness. It is important to learn from the past, but also to recognize the great value and daily contribution of our grid operations personnel.
There will be a completion exercise to measure the effectiveness of this training module and to provide a feed-back for your evaluation of the training module.
9500: Emergency Table Top Drill Power Plant Systems Operations
This module provides the student with an in depth study of operational problem-solving drills. Students will proceed through the various scenarios ranging from minor events to system black-outs and restoration.
Through this module, students will be introduced to the topic of emergency preparedness through a series of exercises or drills designed to provide a realistic learning experience. Students will have to complete separate, written logs documenting his/her actions for a given scenario: the trainees are provided with “expected outcomes” that they are to compare their responses to. This course is very realistic and requires use of skill-sets that closely match those that would be used in an actual situation.
SEAT TIME:
•Training Scenario #1 30 minutes
•Training Scenario #2 30 minutes
•Training Scenario #3 30 minutes
•Training Scenario #4 30 minutes
•Training Scenario #5 30 minutes
•Training Scenario #6 30 minutes
•Training Scenario #7 120 minutes
•Training Scenario #8 120 minutes
•Training Scenario #9-W (Western Interconnection) 45 minutes
•Training Scenario #10 180 minutes
•Training Scenario #11 180 minutes
•Training Scenario #12 180 minutes
•Total Seat Time 17.5 hours
9900 - System Operations Review Power Plant Systems Operations
The NERC OPERATIONS TRAINING MODULE is designed to provide a comprehensive general review for personnel seeking CE training credit as well as for those persons who are preparing to take the NERC certification exam.
Note - if a person completes this before attaining certification by NERC, then it does not warrant NERC CE credits.
This is a tool to help prepare for taking the exam. It does not include or imply content of any NERC certification exam answers. The purpose of this module is to serve as a tool to help with an individual’s understanding of system operations and demonstration of knowledge necessary to succeed in the NERC certification exam. It is absolutely necessary to spend “face time” in the references and Standards in addition to the course completion.
TOPICS COVERED:
•NERC Area Map
•NERC Key Terms and Definitions
•Study Guide
•Interchange Basic Requirements
•Assignment and link to read NERC Standards
•Self Study Assignment and Link to Chapter Reviews with Instant Feed-back from Power System Operation by Miller & Malinowsky (2nd edition)
•Overview of Synchronous Machine Basics c. Power Flow Fundamentals
•Governor Response
•Frequency Bias
•Concepts of AGC
•Synchronizing h. Speed Droop
•Off-Normal Frequency
•NERC ACE Equation
•Performance Requirements Reference Documents
•Segment Review Quiz
•Basic Relationships of Conductance
•Effects of Inductive and Capacitive Reactance
•Reactive Power and Electrical Measurements
•Bus Arrangements
•Line Equipment
•Basic Types of Protective Relaying for Line (overview only)
•Unscheduled Power Flow Introduced
•EHV, Basic Terms
•Single - Pole Tripping
•Procedures and Communications
•Fundamental Concepts
•Frequency Training Reference
•Underfrequency and Undervoltage
•A Table of Key Times and Values to Remember
•Minimum of Two Hours Must be Spent in “Face Time” Review b. Link is Provided to Allow Instant Access to Standards
•Full Review of all Aspects of E-Tagging
•Request States, Profile Changes, Process Flow
Restoration after Blackout
•First Generation On Line
•Adjusting Unit for Initial Pick-Up of Load
•Picking up Small Increments of Load
•Control and Regulation
•E-Tagging
•Picking up Small Increments of Load
•Control and Regulation
•Picking up Small Increments of Load
•Control and Regulation
•Under- and Over-Frequency
•Under Voltage
•Interchange and Scheduling
•SUB - MODULES WITH MORE PREP QUESTIONS
•Practice Generic Operations Exam with Feedback
•Practice NERC Questions with Feed-Back
•NERC Standards Quiz (answers with response)
•. Eight Key-Question Review (answers with response
CE HOURS:
12 CE Hours
Other Sources:
Electric Power
America – and much of the world -- is becoming increasingly electrified. Today, more than half of the electricity generated in the United States comes from coal. For the foreseeable future, coal will continue to be the dominant fuel used for electric power production. The low cost and abundance of coal is one of the primary reasons why consumers in the United States benefit from some of the lowest electricity rates of any free-market economy.
The Department’s Office of Fossil Energy is working on ways to keep coal in America’s electricity future. The key challenge is to remove the environmental objections to the use of coal in tomorrow’s power plants. New technologies being developed in the Fossil Energy program could virtually eliminate the sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury pollutants released when coal is burned. It may also be possible to capture greenhouse gases emitted from coal-fired power plants and prevent them from contributing to global warming concerns.
New technologies in Energy’s Fossil Energy program could nearly double efficiency levels in the next 10-15 years. Higher efficiencies mean even more affordable electricity and fewer greenhouse gases.
While coal is the nation’s major fuel for electric power, natural gas is the fastest growing fuel. More than 90 percent of the power plants to be built in the next 20 years will likely be fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is also likely to be a primary fuel for distributed power generators – mini-power plants that would be sited close to where the electricity is needed.
Energy’s Fossil Energy program is developing natural gas-powered fuel cells for future distributed generation applications. Fuel cells use hydrogen that can be extracted from natural gas or perhaps in the future from biomass or coal.
The United States’ electricity infrastructure is one of the greatest engineering marvels of the 20th century. However, to meet the rising electric power demand of the 21st century, significant improvements in America’s electric system are necessary. Blackouts serve as a powerful reminder of the critical role electricity plays in the everyday lives of people. The mission of the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability is to lead national effort to modernize the electric grid, enhance security and reliability of the energy infrastructure, and facilitate recovery from disruptions to the energy supply.
In addition, the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability seeks to develop new technologies for the storage of energy and the transmission of energy that will contribute to energy efficiency of the electric industry. For instance, the copper wires used in typical transmission lines lose a percentage of the electricity passing through them because of resistance, which causes the wires to heat up. But "superconducting" materials have no resistance, and if they are used to transmit electricity in the future, very little of the electricity will be lost.
For statistical information relating to electricity it produces, visit the Energy Information Administration.
Because of our “user friendly” content, impeccable credentials and 24/7 support – we hope you choose Online SchoolRoom to be your eLearning provider
A trusted eLearning provider,
We are dedicated to the support of our students and have help available 24/7.
For Sales or Enrollment Help call 877.230.9485
Since 1971, Online SchoolRoom/360training has provided technical skills training to the electric power industry around the globe. Over 1300 programs in 39 competency areas of transmission, distribution and generation are offered in multiple languages and mediums to improve your plant operations, profitability and productivity. Our courses have received recognition from the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC).
In 2004 360training acquired Canadian training provider L&K International, a leading provider of transmission, power, distribution training to the power, energy and utilities energy worldwide to form the worldwide Technical Skills and Safety division. Technical Skills and Safety Division closes largest single contract in company's history, providing a multi-year training contract to key US defense contractor .
States Served:
Alabama Ala. AL
Alaska Alaska AK
American Samoa AS
Arizona Ariz. AZ
Arkansas Ark. AR
California Calif. CA
Colorado Colo. CO
Connecticut Conn. CT
Delaware Del. DE
Dist. of Columbia D.C. DC
Florida Fla. FL
Georgia Ga. GA
Guam Guam GU
Hawaii Hawaii HI
Idaho Idaho ID
Illinois Ill. IL
Indiana Ind. IN
Iowa Iowa IA
Kansas Kans. KS
Kentucky Ky. KY
Louisiana La. LA
Maine Maine ME
Maryland Md. MD
Marshall Islands MH
Massachusetts Mass. MA
Michigan Mich. MI
Micronesia FM
Minnesota Minn. MN
Mississippi Miss. MS
Missouri Mo. MO
Montana Mont. MT
Nebraska Nebr. NE
Nevada Nev. NV
New Hampshire N.H. NH
New Jersey N.J. NJ
New Mexico N.M. NM
New York N.Y. NY
North Carolina N.C. NC
North Dakota N.D. ND
Northern Marianas MP
Ohio Ohio OH
Oklahoma Okla. OK
Oregon Ore. OR
Palau PW
Pennsylvania Pa. PA
Puerto Rico P.R. PR
Rhode Island R.I. RI
South Carolina S.C. SC
South Dakota S.D. SD
Tennessee Tenn. TN
Texas Tex. TX
Utah Utah UT
Vermont Vt. VT
Virginia Va. VA
Virgin Islands V.I. VI
Washington Wash. WA
West Virginia W.Va. WV
Wisconsin Wis. WI
Wyoming Wyo. WY
Power plant training, power plant protection systems, power systems operations, power systems operators, ISO and power pools, interconnection operation, generator control and performance, telecommunications protection
_______________
Cities Served:
Albuquerque, N.M.
Arlington, Texas
Atlanta, Ga.
Austin, Tex.
Baltimore, Md.
Boston, Mass.
Charlotte, N.C.
Chicago, Ill.
Cleveland, Ohio
Colorado Springs, Colo.
Columbus, Ohio
Dallas, Tex.
Denver, Colo.
Detroit, Mich.
El Paso, Tex.
Fort Worth, Tex.
Fresno, Calif.
Honolulu, Hawaii
Houston, Tex.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jacksonville, Fla.
Kansas City, Mo.
Las Vegas, Nev.
Long Beach, Calif.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Louisville/Jefferson County, Ky.
Memphis, Tenn.
Mesa, Ariz.
Miami, Fla.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Nashville-Davidson, Tenn.
New Orleans, La.
New York, N.Y.
Oakland, Calif.
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Phoenix, Ariz.
Portland, Ore.
Sacramento, Calif.
St. Louis, Mo.
San Antonio, Tex.
San Diego, Calif.
San Francisco, Calif.
San Jose, Calif.
Seattle, Wash.
Tucson, Ariz.
Tulsa, Okla.
Virginia Beach, Va.
Washington, DC
Wichita, Kans
_______________
7502 - Power Transmission Power Plant Systems Operations
The main objective of this course, the second in the series on transmission system operation, is to draw attention to the major features of transmission system equipment, and operation of transmission lines. Particular attention is paid to limitations resulting from the effects of resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the lines. After completion of this course, the participant should understand the following concepts, and be able to apply them in day-to-day work activities.
• Typical operating voltages for transmission lines and distribution lines
• Different types of transmission towers
• Conductor material and conductor layout on the towers
• Insulators and the importance of conductor spacing
• Features and limitations of transmission cables
• The application of high voltage DC transmission
• The effect of transmission line conductor resistance and inductance
• Line voltage drop and power angle as shown by vectors
• The effect of line loading on voltage drop and power angle
• The effect of load power factor on voltage drop and power angle
• The need to generate and provide megavars and megawatts to meet line losses
• Charging current required due to the line shunt capacitance
• Voltage rise due to line capacitance on an open-ended line, shown by vectors
• Production of reactive power by line shunt capacitance
• Line reactive compensation equipment, including: reactors, capacitors, synchronous condensers, and static VAR compensators
• The function of transmission stations, and station equipment
• Features of different bus arrangements
• Types of circuit breaker
• The principle of transformer operation
• Transformer physical construction
• Transformer cooling arrangements
• Autotransformers
• Instrument transformers
7507 - Operating Under Abnormal Conditions Power Plant Systems Operations
The previous courses in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system when it is operating in its normal state. This course extends that knowledge into some of the abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different pieces of apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described. At the end of this course you should be able to:
• Define the boundaries of normal operation
• List events that can move the system into an abnormal condition
• List five conditions that describe abnormal conditions
• List three characteristics of the emergency state
• Draw a diagram showing the interrelation of the different states on the power system
• Understand the information shown on a control center dynamic wall map
• Describe the interrelation of system operators, regional operators, and plant operators
• List seven probable events against which systems are tested to ensure their ability to survive contingencies
• List eight events that should be simulated to investigate how the system will behave under abnormal conditions
• Recognize the limitations of capacitor banks and generators to supply reactive power when the system voltage is declining
• Describe the relation between energy consumption and supply in a small part of a large interconnected system
• Understand how interconnections reduce the need for generation reserves.
• Describe how economy interchanges are made
• Recognize how heavy economic interchanges on one interface can restrict the emergency support on other interfaces
• List seven strategies to prevent a system in the alert state from dropping into the emergency or blackout state
• Describe the use of a phase shifting transformer
• Understand the reasons for putting tie-line tripping relays on interconnections and the limitations that they can impose
• Describe how a part of the system can lose synchronism with the remainder of the system
• Write the equation for the maximum amount of power that can be transferred across a transmission line
• Understand why a relay can think that a line is faulted when the voltage vectors across the line are 180 degrees out of phase
• Recognize the main parts of a hydro-electric governor
• Describe the use of a dashpot bypass on a hydro-electric governor and the problems that can arise if the dashpot is bypassed when it is in an island
• Understand the difference between the temporary droop and the permanent droop on a hydro-electric governor
• Recognize the limitations imposed on hydro-electric machines by the finite amount of high pressure hydraulic oil
• Understand why auxiliary governors are sometimes fitted to steam turbines
• Recognize how auxiliary governors destabilize islands where they control the dominant generators
• Describe how turbine blade resonances limit the under frequency operation of steam turbines
• Explain the difference between under frequency relaying and frequency trend relaying
• Recognize the water flow disturbances that can be caused by islanded operation and the restrictions to the operation of islanded hydro-electric plants
• Describe why a steam turbine may have a short burst of energy at the start of an island but then have its power output decay
• Recognize the need for load-frequency control in areas prone to islanding
• List typical maximum and minimum voltages
• Describe the Ferranti effect on lightly loaded lines
• List six voltage collapse situations
• List four causes of voltage collapse
• Understand why switching capacitors may not arrest a voltage collapse
• List the stages of a voltage collapse
• Describe how switched reactors can be used to prevent a voltage collapse
• Describe the effect of a geomagnetic storm on transformers
• State the return period for geomagnetic storms
Call 877.230.9485
